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• Professor and Vice Chairman
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• Department of Head and Neck Surgery
• Medical Director, Head and Neck Center
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Proteases have a special use in the beverage industry antibiotics in agriculture order erythromycin 250 mg without prescription, meat and leather industries antibiotic resistance can come about by order 250 mg erythromycin amex, cheese production virus international erythromycin 500 mg online, detergent industry antibiotics for acne best erythromycin 500 mg on line, bread and confectionary industry, etc. Various types of lipases are used for the modifications of various types of lipids and fats, production of various organic acids including fatty acids, in detergents, production of coco butter, etc. In addition to all these, enzymes are used in chemical industries as reagents in organic synthesis for carrying out stereospecific reactions. Non-catalytic Functional Proteins these commercially important proteins are used in the food industry as emulsifiers, for inducing gelation, water binding, foaming, whipping, etc. The proteins that remain in solution after the removal of casein are by definition called whey proteins. Useful Property Emulsification Mode of Action Formation and stabilization of fat emulsions Entrapment of water and hydrogen bonding of water Making protein solutions and dissolving proteins Formation of stable film Making protein matrix and setting Thickening water binding Lactose reacts with the milk proteins Types of Food Vegetarian sausages, coffee whiteners, infant foods, biscuits, salad dressings, cakes, ice cream, etc. Water binding Solubility Whipping and foaming Gelation Viscosity Flavor and aroma Browning 8. Millard reaction-on heating Confectionaries, biscuits, cakes, the amino group of proteins breads, sauces, etc. Most food formulations call for a certain protein content and thus whey-protein concentrates are generally utilized as a constant protein base. As the protein content increases, the composition of other components in the whey-protein concentrate must also change and these changes in composition have an effect on functionality. Nutraceutical Proteins Nutraceutical proteins represent a class of nutritionally-important proteins having therapeutic activity. The whey-protein concentrates and some of the milk proteins of infant foods contain certain pharmaceutical proteins having high nutritive quality. All these food proteins provide the infants the raw building materials in the form of essential amino acids and at the same time protects them from microbial infections and other diseases. The following table gives a comparative picture of protein, carbohydrates, and fats present in the milk of various animals and humans. Species Buffalo, Philippine Cow Ayrshire Brown Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Zebu Goat Human 4. The research on the therapeutic activity of whey protein has shown that it elevates a tripeptide, glutathione (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl glycine), in the cells of animals when fed with whey concentrates. In our body the presence of glutathion is very beneficial since it can act as a detoxifying compound. It can detoxify xeno-biotics and protect the cells against the bad effects of oxygen intermediates and free radicals. Nutritional Constituents (In grams) Lactose Total protein Casein Lactoglobulin Lactalbumin Fat Calorific value (K Cal) Calcium (mg) Phosphorous (mg) Chloride (mg) Buffalo 4. The biotechnological industry is more interested in developing new types of enzymes, which are stable and more active under extreme working conditions such as high temperature and extreme pH such as acidic or alkaline pH. Biochemists can now use a refinement of the genetic modification technique to redesign proteins. They then incorporate the modified gene into a microorganism where it is decoded as before, but this time a new protein appears. Swapping one -amino acid in a protein can have a large effect on how the protein behaves. Biochemists have already used this protein engineering to modify human insulin in a way that makes it become absorbed more quickly after injection. Computer-modeling techniques allow protein chemists to make predictions about how proposed -amino acid changes might change the structure and activity of a protein. Genetic engineering, thus, has provided a tool to produce designer proteins having special characteristics by changing the amino acid sequence. In addition, it is already possible to introduce into a plant new genes that enable it to produce its own protein insecticide or that make it resistant to disease. Hepatitis B vaccine, oil-digesting bacteria, and bacteria that produce biodegradable plastic are all recently developed products of protein engineering and genetic-modification techniques. The following are some examples of protein designing through genetic engineering techniques: Improving the Detergent Quality of Subtilisin Subtilisin is a protease enzyme of bacterial origin with a molecular size of 27. This protease has a wide range of proteolytic activity unlike other proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin. The catalytic activity of subtilisin is due to the presence of a catalytic triad-ser 221, his 64, and asp 32, similar to chymotrypsin.

Lightness refers to the amount of light that appears to be reflected from a surface in relation to nearby surfaces antibiotics for sinus infection and ear infection buy 500 mg erythromycin mastercard. Saturation is the measurement of the perceptual difference of a color from white antibiotic resistance action center generic erythromycin 250 mg buy on line, black or gray of equal lightness infection on x ray 500 mg erythromycin for sale. For example infection preventionist jobs trusted 500 mg erythromycin, slate blue is similar to gray so it is considered a desaturated color. A deep blue of equal lightness to slate blue is more saturated because it is less like white, black or gray. All of these attributes affect the ability of people with congenital or acquired color deficit to distinguish between colors. When preparing materials for people with color deficits, remember that they will likely see less contrast between colors, they may have difficulties discriminating between colors of similar hue and their perception of lightness can be markedly different. Creating materials using colors that compensate for these differences will make your visual displays more accessible for everyone. Following are a few design guidelines for using color: s Exaggerate lightness differences between foreground and background colors. To produce an effective contrast, use these colors with lighter versions of blue-green, green, yellow, orange or white. Avoid contrasting lighter versions of blue, violet, purple and red against darker shades of blue-green, green, yellow, orange and black. Avoid using contrasting hues from adjacent colors of the color circle, especially if the colors do not contrast sharply in lightness. The best contrast with the least glare is achieved on light yellow, non-glossy paper, such as copy paper. Spanish With the number of Spanish-speaking people in the United States growing, you may want to make all printed materials available in Spanish. You may also want to consider printing materials in other languages, depending on the audience of your materials. Web/Computer-based Materials In creating a web page or other computer-based materials, use good, general design techniques. The following is a list of basic guidelines that should be considered when reviewing or developing a web page. Structure: s the page layout should be simple and consistent throughout the web site. Using a large font is not necessary, because most viewers will adjust the fonts on their browsers and a large font might then be too large to provide continuity if only a few words are visible at a time. Alternative formats: s s s s s An alternative text-only version should be provided for all graphics-laden sites. For example, for your company logo graphic, there might be a text caption that reads, "Logo for (company name). Alternative language versions should be provided for all information directed to specific language audiences. Bobby is a web-based service and a downloadable application designed to help make web pages accessible by the largest number of people. A free service, Bobby performs a 23 series of tests to determine the ways in which a web page is inaccessible to people with vision, hearing or physical disabilities. In addition, Bobby will help find design problems which prevent a web page from being displayed correctly on different web browsers, such as America On-Line, Netscape Communicator, Mosaic, Microsoft Explorer and Lynx, eliminating the need to individually test the page with each browser. There are many software and hardware products that have been developed for pc users with disabilities. Microsoft Internet Explorer uses the Active Accessibility program to facilitate use of screen reader software, synthesizers, Braille displays and large-print programs. Zoomtext has the capability of reading Windows command menus aloud for computer users, and it is one of the most widely used screen-enlargement programs. Videos Following are some recommendations for making videos more accessible for people with disabilities. Remember that, in general, videos are the most inaccessible form of information for people with vision loss.

Currently antibiotic lotion erythromycin 250 mg amex, considerable effort is being spent investigating land-use changes world-wide and in the United States in support of global climate change research antibiotics vs probiotics purchase erythromycin 250 mg on-line. These maps graphically show the dramatic rate of change in land use in these areas antibiotics for uti amoxicillin dosage 250 mg erythromycin sale. The very large growth in urban areas during the 20 years between 1975 and 1995 is especially astonishing oral antibiotics for mild acne purchase erythromycin 500 mg without a prescription. The top series shows the extent of urban areas (red) along with agriculture (gold), which was at its peak in the mid- to late 1800s. Since 1900, the amount of agricultural land has declined as urban and forested land (green) has increased. Many different metrics can be used to measure the rate of urbanization in the United States, including the number of housing starts and permits and the level of new U. The inventory, conducted every five years, covers all nonfederal lands in the United States, which is 75 percent of the U. The inventory uses land-use information from about 800,000 statistically selected locations. The smallest amount of developed land used per person was for New York and Hawaii (0. The amount of urban sprawl is also directly proportionate to the population growth. Cities that grew in population by between 10 and 30 percent sprawled 54 percent on average. Cities that grew in population by more than 50 percent sprawled on average 112 percent. These findings confirm the common sense, but often unacknowledged proposition, that there is a strong positive relationship between sprawl and population growth. In most areas, the per capita use of developed land has increased, along with the population growth. However, even some cities that had no population growth or had negative growth, such as Detroit, still had large amounts of sprawl (increased amounts of developed land used per person), but usually much less than cities that had large population growth. Los Angeles actually had an 8 percent decreased rate of land consumption per resident during this period, but the city still experienced tremendous growth in land area due to its very large population growth. Land-Cover Characteristics in Urban Areas As an area urbanizes, the land cover changes from pre-existing rural surfaces, such as agricultural fields or forests, to a combination of different surface types. In municipal areas, land cover can be separated into various common categories-pictured and described in Box 3-2- that include roofs, roads, parking areas, storage areas, other paved areas, and landscaped or undeveloped areas. Most attention is given to impervious cover, which can be easily quantified for different types of land development. Given the many types of land cover described in Box 3-2, impervious cover is composed of two principal components: building rooftops and the transportation system (roads, driveways, and parking lots). Compacted soils and unpaved parking areas and driveways also have "impervious" characteristics in that they severely hinder the infiltration of water, although they are not composed of pavement or roofing material. In terms of total impervious area, the transportation component often exceeds the rooftop component (Schueler, 1994). For example, in Olympia, Washington, where 11 residential multifamily and commercial areas were analyzed in detail, the areas associated with transportation-related uses comprised 63 to 70 percent of the total impervious cover (Wells, 1995). A significant portion of these impervious areas-mainly parking lots, driveways, and road shoulders-experience only minimal traffic activity. Most retail parking lots are sized to accommodate peak parking usage, which occurs only occasionally during the peak holiday shopping season, leaving most of the area unused for a majority of the time. On the other hand, many business and school parking areas are used to their full capacity nearly every work day and during the school year. Other differences at parking areas relate to the turnover of parking during the day. Parked vehicles in business and school lots are mostly stationary throughout the work and school hours. The lighter traffic in these areas results in less vehicle-associated pollutant deposition and less surface wear in comparison to the greater parking turnover and larger traffic volumes in retail areas (Brattebo and Booth, 2003). Common land covers are described below, along with some indication of their contribution to stormwater runoff and their pollutantgenerating ability. These are usually either flat or pitched, as both have significantly different runoff responses.

There is a very large literature on the importance of water temperature to aquatic organisms; preference bacteria worksheet middle school cheap erythromycin 500 mg amex, avoidance treatment for lower uti buy generic erythromycin 500 mg on-line, and lethal temperature ranges have been derived for many aquatic species commonly used antibiotics for acne buy 500 mg erythromycin fast delivery. In addition antibiotic overdose generic 250 mg erythromycin with amex, temperature is one of the key classification strata for aquatic life, in that streams are routinely classified as cold water, cool water, or warm water based on the geographic and natural settings of waters. The removal of catchment and riparian vegetation and the general increase in surface runoff from impervious, man-made, and heatcapturing surfaces has been associated with increasing water temperatures in urban waterbodies (Wang and Kanehl, 2003; Nelson and Palmer, 2007). A number of researchers have created models to predict in-stream temperatures based on urban characteristics (Krause et al. As watersheds urbanize, flow regimes change from little runoff to over 40 to 90 percent of the rainfall becoming surface runoff (Roesner and Bledsoe, 2003). Flow regimes in urban streams typically are very "flashy," with higher and more frequent peak events, compared to undisturbed systems (Poff et al. No single measure of flow was found to be significant in all studies; however, important attributes included flow variability and flashiness, flood frequency, flow volume, flow variability, flow timing, and flow duration. There are a number of mechanisms that may be responsible for the influence of flow characteristics on aquatic assemblages. Aquatic species vary dramatically in their swimming performance and behaviors, and species are generally adapted to undisturbed flow regimes in an area. Many low- to moderate-gradient small streams in the United States, for example, have strong connections with their flood-prone areas and often possess habitat features that insulate poor swimming species from episodic natural high flows. Undercut banks, rootwads, oxbows, and backwater habitats all can act as refugia from high flows. Some aquatic species are more or less mobile within the sediments, like certain macroinvertebrates (meiofauna or hyporheos) and fish species such as sculpins and madtoms. Secondary impacts from hydrologic changes such as bank erosion and aggradation of fines can render substrates embedded and prohibit organisms, particularly the meiofauna, from moving vertically within the bottom substrates (Schmid-Araya, 2000). Substrate fining has been documented to occur with increasing urbanization, especially in the early stages of development, which can embed spawning habitats and eliminate or reduce spawning success of fish such as salmonids and minnows (Waters, 1995). For example, flood flows in streams under natural conditions have been documented as a cause of substantial mortality in young or larval fish such as smallmouth bass (Funk and Fleener, 1974; Lorantas and Kristine, 2004). Thus, increases in the frequency of peak flows during spring will increase the probability of spawning failure, such that sensitive species may eventually be locally extirpated. In urban areas, culverts and other flow obstructions can create conditions that may preclude re-colonization of upstream reaches because weak-swimming fishes cannot move past flow constrictions or leap past vertical drops caused by artificial structures. Hydrologic simplification and stream straightening that occur in urban streams, often as a result of increased peak flows or as a local management response, typically remove habitat used as temporary refuges from high flows, such as backwater areas, undercut banks, and rootwads. There is a large literature relating populations of fish and macroinvertebrates to various habitat features of streams, rivers, and wetlands. In contrast, many of the fish and macroinvertebrate taxa that compose regional lists of tolerant taxa are tolerant to habitat changes related to flow disturbance as well as chemical parameters. Understanding the life history attributes of certain species and how they may change with multiple stressors (Power, 1997) is an important tool for understanding complex responses of aquatic ecosystems to urban stressors. For example, very-low-gradient streams may have few riffles and be dominated by woody debris and bank cover, whereas higher gradient waters may have more habitat types formed by rapidly flowing waters (riffles, runs). Aquatic life in streams is influenced directly by the habitat features that are present, such as substrate types, in-stream structures, bank structure, and flow types. As discussed previously, human alteration of landscapes, encroachment on riparian areas, and direct channel modifications. As urbanization has increased, channel density has declined because streams have been piped, dewatered, and straightened (Meyer and Wallace, 2001; Paul and Meyer, 2001). Changes in the magnitude, relative proportions, and timing of sediment and water delivery have resulted in loss of aquatic life and habitat via a wide range of mechanisms, including changes in channel bed materials, increased suspended sediment loads, loss of riparian habitat due to bank erosion, and changes in the variability of flow and sediment transport characteristics relative to aquatic life cycles (Roesner and Bledsoe, 2003). There are still significant gaps in knowledge about how stormwater stressors can affect stream habitat, especially as one moves from the reach scale to the watershed scale. Understanding the stage and trajectory of channel evolution is critical to understanding channel recovery and expected habitat conditions or in choosing effective restoration options (Simon et al. Across much of the United States, stream habitats have been altered to the imperilment of aquatic species (Williams et al. These streams had historical fish collections when they were primarily influenced by agricultural land use; sampling after the onset of suburban development documented the loss of many of these species attributable to land-use changes and habitat degradation along these urban streams. Habitat alteration, either direct or indirect, creates harsh environments that tend to favor tolerant taxa, which would otherwise be in low abundance.

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