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The plasma glucose level at an instant depends on the balance between glucose entering and leaving the extracellular fluid hypertension brochure buy cheap ramipril 5 mg line. This is important pulse pressure lying down ramipril 5 mg buy with visa, because it is essential to have continuous supply of glucose to the brain heart attack white sea acapella remix buy discount ramipril 2.5 mg on-line. Even though it can utilize ketone bodies to some extent arrhythmia diagnosis code 5 mg ramipril purchase free shipping, brain has an obligatory requirement for glucose. Post-prandial Regulation Following a meal, glucose is absorbed from the intestine and enters the blood. The rise in the blood glucose level stimulates the secretion of insulin by beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. The uptake of glucose by most extrahepatic tissues, except brain is dependent on insulin. Moreover, insulin helps in the storage of glucose as glycogen or its conversion to fat. Homeostasis of blood glucose Chapter 24; Regulation of Blood Glucose, Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus 275. In fasting state, blood glucose level is maintained by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; further, adipose tissue releases free fatty acids as alternate source of energy. Red arrows indicate activation; blue arrow indicates inhibition Regulation in Fasting State i. Normally, 2 to 2Ѕ hours after a meal, the blood glucose level falls to near fasting levels. It may go down further; but this is prevented by processes that contribute glucose to the blood. For another 3 hours, hepatic glycogenolysis will take care of the blood glucose level. In post-prandial state, glucose level is high; then blood glucose level is lowered by tissue oxidation, glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis. Liver is the major organ that supplies the glucose for maintaining blood glucose level. Overview of regulation of blood glucose 276 Textbook of Biochemistry; Section C: Clinical and Applied Biochemistry from falling. Determination of Glucose in Body Fluids Estimation of glucose is the most common analysis done in clinical laboratories. The blood is collected using an anticoagulant (potassium oxalate) and an inhibitor of glycolysis (sodium fluoride). Fluoride inhibits the enzyme, enolase, and so glycolysis on the whole is inhibited. If fluoride is not added, cells will utilize glucose and false low value may be obtained. Capillary blood from fingertips may also be used for glucose estimation by strip method. Glucose oxidase is very specific; it converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue Commonly Employed Terms Regarding Glucose 1. Plasma glucose analyzed at any time of the day, without any prior preparations, is called random plasma glucose. Sugar estimated in the early morning, before taking any breakfast is called fasting plasma glucose. Fasting state means, glucose is estimated after an overnight fast (12 hours after the food) (post-absorptive state). The test done about 2 hr after a good meal is called post-prandial plasma glucose (Latin = after food). When plasma glucose level is within normal limits, it is referred to as normoglycemia. Hyperglycemia is harmful in the long run; while hypoglycemia even for a short while is dangerous, and may even be fatal. The ability of a person to metabolise a given load of glucose is referred to as glucose tolerance. In order to prevent vomiting, patient is asked to drink it slowly (within about 5 minutes). This is due to the secretion of insulin in response to the elevation in blood glucose.

If cells are grown mixotrophically with a carbon source utilized during the night arrhythmia games cheap ramipril 2.5 mg line, growth in both light and dark periods is possible arteria dawson cheap 5 mg ramipril mastercard, and high cell densities can be achieved blood pressure chart to download ramipril 5 mg without a prescription. Potential disadvantages of the addition of external carbon sources is the cost of addition at large scales and the possibility of increased contamination by undesired microbes living off the carbon source prehypertension causes and treatment generic 5 mg ramipril fast delivery. However, this is not generally a problem with well-established fullyheterotrophic fermentation technologies that are currently deployed worldwide at massive scale to manufacture everything from cancer drugs to high-volume/low-cost commodities such as lysine and ethanol. Cyanobacteria, as a general rule, accumulate mostly carbohydrates, although concentrations of 14% lipid (typically from polar membrane glycerolipids) have been reported (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. Lipids and carbohydrates, along with biologically produced hydrogen and alcohols, are all potential biofuels or biofuel precursors. It is, therefore, important to understand the metabolic pathways and processes that generate them in order to advance biofuel production (Figure 2. Photosynthesis, Light Utilization, and CarbonConcentrating Mechanisms When algae are cultivated photosynthetically, the efficiency of photosynthesis is a crucial determinant in their productivity, affecting growth rate, biomass production, and potentially, the percent of biomass that is the desired fuel precursor. Theoretical best case biomass productivity values in the range of 3342 g/m2/day with a range of 40,70053,200 L. These values represent what may be possible with optimization of both biological and production systems. Theoretical productivity is an important concept, because it can be used to set achievable goals for both cultivation process design and strain improvement projects. In one analysis, the maximum conversion efficiency of total solar energy into primary photosynthetic organic products is around 10%, with 30%50% of the primary product mass lost on producing cell protein and lipid (Williams and Laurens, 2010). Generic chloroplast of a green alga showing placement of fuelrelevant primary metabolites and their integration into bioenergy production. Also depicted are the major components of photosynthesis and carbon fixation, including elements with the potential to be engineered for optimization of these pathways. Regardless of the cultivation practices used to maximize light exposure (see chapter 4), there remains limitations of algal photosystems regarding light utilization. The majority of light that falls on a photosynthetic algal culture is not utilized. In high cell density cultures, cells nearer to the light source tend to absorb all the incoming light, preventing it from reaching more distant cells (Perrine et al. Under certain light regimes, photoinhibition or the decrease of photosynthesis due to light damage can occur (Long et al. In an effort to overcome this response, it was shown that reducing the size of the photosystem antenna can increase the efficiency of light utilization (Polle et al. Similar strategies have been employed in generating Nannochloropsis gaditana mutants with improved photosynthetic activity (Perin et al. There is still much to learn about the dynamics and regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus (Eberhard et al. Organization schemes of the photosynthetic apparatus in evolutionary diverse classes of microalgae (Source: Hildebrand et al. More emphasis should be placed on understanding these processes if we are to better engineer the capture and utilization of light energy for biomass production. Understanding the effects of light intensity and frequency of light flashes on the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of algae has been an increasingly important focus of research (for review, see Work et al. Heterokonts utilize different accessory pigments (fucoxanthins) than green algae, which extends the wavelength range into the green portion of the spectrum. Notably, investigation into engineering the photosynthetic antenna pigment to extend the spectrum of light captured by algae has been proposed, influenced in part to the discovery of a red-shifted chlorophyll, chlorophyll f, in a cyanobacterium (Chen et al. However, downstream rate limitations in photosynthetic electron transfer may limit the ability to utilize aditional captured photons, since light is thought to saturate at one quarter full sunlight intensity (Perrine et al. Clarification of this pathway and the roles of component proteins in a wider range of algal species may provide future gene targets for increasing biomass productivity. Carbon Partitioning and Metabolism Knowing how and when carbon is partitioned into lipids and/ or carbohydrates could be very useful for biofuels strain development and designing cultivation strategies. Understanding carbon partitioning will require extensive knowledge of metabolic pathways. Metabolic networks have been reconstructed in various microbes from genomic and transcriptomic data, pathway analysis, and predictive modeling (Vemuri and Aristidou 2005). Research has also been done in plant systems to understand carbon flux in biosynthetic and degradative pathways (Lytovchenko et al. However, carbon partitioning in algae is less understood, and research on how algal cells control the flux and partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon into various groups of major macromolecules (i.

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Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 1200 Calories/Day Fat g 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 92 92 91 90 88 88 87 86 84 84 83 81 80 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 72 72 71 71 Fat Cal 972 960 952 944 932 924 916 908 896 888 880 872 860 852 844 832 824 816 808 796 788 780 772 760 752 744 732 724 716 712 708 704 700 696 692 688 684 680 676 672 668 664 660 656 652 648 644 640 636 Fats for 1300 Calories/Day Fat g 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 92 92 91 90 90 89 89 88 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 84 84 84 83 83 82 82 Fat Cal 1072 1060 1052 1044 1032 1024 1016 1008 996 988 980 972 960 952 944 932 924 916 908 896 888 880 872 860 852 844 832 824 816 812 808 804 800 796 792 788 784 780 776 772 768 764 760 756 752 748 744 740 736 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 1400 Calories/Day Fat g 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 101 100 100 100 99 99 98 98 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 94 94 93 93 92 Fat Cal 1172 1160 1152 1144 1132 1124 1116 1108 1096 1088 1080 1072 1060 1052 1044 1032 1024 1016 1008 996 988 980 972 960 952 944 932 924 916 912 908 904 900 896 892 888 884 880 876 872 868 864 860 856 852 848 844 840 836 832 Fats for 1500 Calories/Day Fat g 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 112 112 111 111 110 110 109 109 108 108 108 107 107 106 106 105 105 104 104 104 Fat Cal 1272 1260 1252 1244 1232 1224 1216 1208 1196 1188 1180 1172 1160 1152 1144 1132 1124 1116 1108 1096 1088 1080 1072 1060 1052 1044 1032 1024 1016 1012 1008 1004 1000 996 992 988 984 980 976 972 968 964 960 956 952 948 944 940 936 932 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 1600 Calories/Day Fat g Fat Cal 152 1372 151 1360 150 1352 149 1344 148 1332 147 1324 146 1316 145 1308 144 1296 143 1288 142 1280 141 1272 140 1260 139 1252 138 1244 137 1232 136 1224 135 1216 134 1208 133 1196 132 1188 131 1180 130 1172 129 1160 128 1152 127 1144 126 1132 125 1124 124 1116 124 1112 123 1108 123 1104 122 1100 122 1096 121 1092 121 1088 120 1084 120 1080 120 1076 119 1072 119 1068 118 1064 118 1060 117 1056 117 1052 116 1048 116 1044 116 1040 115 1036 115 1032 Fats for 1700 Calories/Day Fat Cal 1472 1460 1452 1444 1432 1424 1416 1408 1396 1388 1380 1372 1360 1352 1344 1332 1324 1316 1308 1296 1288 1280 1272 1260 1252 1244 1232 1224 1216 1212 1208 1204 1200 1196 1192 1188 1184 1180 1176 1172 1168 1164 1160 1156 1152 1148 1144 1140 1136 1132 Fat g 164 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 135 134 134 133 133 132 132 132 131 131 130 130 129 129 128 128 128 127 127 126 126 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 1800 Calories/Day Fat g 175 173 172 172 170 169 168 168 166 165 164 164 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 146 145 145 144 144 144 143 143 142 142 141 141 140 140 140 139 139 138 138 137 137 Fat Cal 1572 1560 1552 1544 1532 1524 1516 1508 1496 1488 1480 1472 1460 1452 1444 1432 1424 1416 1408 1396 1388 1380 1372 1360 1352 1344 1332 1324 1316 1312 1308 1304 1300 1296 1292 1288 1284 1280 1276 1272 1268 1264 1260 1256 1252 1248 1244 1240 1236 1232 Fats for 1900 Calories/Day Fat g 186 184 184 183 181 180 180 179 177 176 176 175 173 172 172 170 169 168 168 166 165 164 164 162 161 160 159 158 157 157 156 156 156 155 155 154 154 153 153 152 152 152 151 151 150 150 149 149 148 148 Fat Cal 1672 1660 1652 1644 1632 1624 1616 1608 1596 1588 1580 1572 1560 1552 1544 1532 1524 1516 1508 1496 1488 1480 1472 1460 1452 1444 1432 1424 1416 1412 1408 1404 1400 1396 1392 1388 1384 1380 1376 1372 1368 1364 1360 1356 1352 1348 1344 1340 1336 1332 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 2000 Calories/Day Fat g 197 196 195 194 192 192 191 190 188 188 187 186 184 184 183 181 180 180 179 177 176 176 175 173 172 172 170 169 168 168 168 167 167 166 166 165 165 164 164 164 163 163 162 162 161 161 160 160 160 159 Fat Cal 1772 1760 1752 1744 1732 1724 1716 1708 1696 1688 1680 1672 1660 1652 1644 1632 1624 1616 1608 1596 1588 1580 1572 1560 1552 1544 1532 1524 1516 1512 1508 1504 1500 1496 1492 1488 1484 1480 1476 1472 1468 1464 1460 1456 1452 1448 1444 1440 1436 1432 Fats for 2100 Calories/Day Fat g 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 192 192 191 190 188 188 187 186 184 184 183 181 180 180 179 179 178 178 177 177 176 176 176 175 175 174 174 173 173 172 172 172 171 171 170 Fat Cal 1872 1860 1852 1844 1832 1824 1816 1808 1796 1788 1780 1772 1760 1752 1744 1732 1724 1716 1708 1696 1688 1680 1672 1660 1652 1644 1632 1624 1616 1612 1608 1604 1600 1596 1592 1588 1584 1580 1576 1572 1568 1564 1560 1556 1552 1548 1544 1540 1536 1532 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 2200 Calories/Day Fat g 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 192 192 191 190 190 189 189 188 188 188 187 187 186 186 185 185 184 184 184 183 183 182 182 181 Fat Cal 1972 1960 1952 1944 1932 1924 1916 1908 1896 1888 1880 1872 1860 1852 1844 1832 1824 1816 1808 1796 1788 1780 1772 1760 1752 1744 1732 1724 1716 1712 1708 1704 1700 1696 1692 1688 1684 1680 1676 1672 1668 1664 1660 1656 1652 1648 1644 1640 1636 1632 Fats for 2300 Calories/Day Fat g 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 201 200 200 200 199 199 198 198 197 197 196 196 196 195 195 194 194 193 193 192 Fat Cal 2072 2060 2052 2044 2032 2024 2016 2008 1996 1988 1980 1972 1960 1952 1944 1932 1924 1916 1908 1896 1888 1880 1872 1860 1852 1844 1832 1824 1816 1812 1808 1804 1800 1796 1792 1788 1784 1780 1776 1772 1768 1764 1760 1756 1752 1748 1744 1740 1736 1732 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 2400 Calories/Day Fat g 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 212 212 211 211 210 210 209 209 208 208 208 207 207 206 206 205 205 204 204 204 Fat Cal 2172 2160 2152 2144 2132 2124 2116 2108 2096 2088 2080 2072 2060 2052 2044 2032 2024 2016 2008 1996 1988 1980 1972 1960 1952 1944 1932 1924 1916 1912 1908 1904 1900 1896 1892 1888 1884 1880 1876 1872 1868 1864 1860 1856 1852 1848 1844 1840 1836 1832 Fats for 2500 Calories/Day Fat g 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 224 223 223 222 222 221 221 220 220 220 219 219 218 218 217 217 216 216 216 215 215 Fat Cal 2272 2260 2252 2244 2232 2224 2216 2208 2196 2188 2180 2172 2160 2152 2144 2132 2124 2116 2108 2096 2088 2080 2072 2060 2052 2044 2032 2024 2016 2012 2008 2004 2000 1996 1992 1988 1984 1980 1976 1972 1968 1964 1960 1956 1952 1948 1944 1940 1936 1932 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 2600 Calories/Day Fat g 264 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 235 234 234 233 233 232 232 232 231 231 230 230 229 229 228 228 228 227 227 226 226 Fat Cal 2372 2360 2352 2344 2332 2324 2316 2308 2296 2288 2280 2272 2260 2252 2244 2232 2224 2216 2208 2196 2188 2180 2172 2160 2152 2144 2132 2124 2116 2112 2108 2104 2100 2096 2092 2088 2084 2080 2076 2072 2068 2064 2060 2056 2052 2048 2044 2040 2036 2032 Fats for 2700 Calories/Day Fat g 275 273 272 272 270 269 268 268 266 265 264 264 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 246 245 245 244 244 244 243 243 242 242 241 241 240 240 240 239 239 238 238 237 237 Fat Cal 2472 2460 2452 2444 2432 2424 2416 2408 2396 2388 2380 2372 2360 2352 2344 2332 2324 2316 2308 2296 2288 2280 2272 2260 2252 2244 2232 2224 2216 2212 2208 2204 2200 2196 2192 2188 2184 2180 2176 2172 2168 2164 2160 2156 2152 2148 2144 2140 2136 2132 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams Protein calories Net Carb grams Net Carb calories Fats for 2800 Calories/Day Fat g 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 286 284 284 283 281 280 280 279 277 276 276 275 273 272 272 270 269 268 268 266 265 264 264 262 261 260 259 258 257 257 256 256 256 255 255 254 254 253 253 252 252 252 251 251 250 250 249 249 248 248 Fat Cal 2572 2560 2552 2544 2532 2524 2516 2508 2496 2488 2480 2472 2460 2452 2444 2432 2424 2416 2408 2396 2388 2380 2372 2360 2352 2344 2332 2324 2316 2312 2308 2304 2300 2296 2292 2288 2284 2280 2276 2272 2268 2264 2260 2256 2252 2248 2244 2240 2236 2232 Fats for 2900 Calories/Day Fat g 297 296 295 294 292 292 291 290 288 288 287 286 284 284 283 281 280 280 279 277 276 276 275 273 272 272 270 269 268 268 268 267 267 266 266 265 265 264 264 264 263 263 262 262 261 261 260 260 260 259 Fat Cal 2672 2660 2652 2644 2632 2624 2616 2608 2596 2588 2580 2572 2560 2552 2544 2532 2524 2516 2508 2496 2488 2480 2472 2460 2452 2444 2432 2424 2416 2412 2408 2404 2400 2396 2392 2388 2384 2380 2376 2372 2368 2364 2360 2356 2352 2348 2344 2340 2336 2332 Ideal Weight (pounds) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 Ideal Weight (Kg) 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 111 114 116 118 120 123 125 127 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 148 150 152 155 157 Protein grams 45 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 80 82 84 86 89 91 93 95 98 100 102 105 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Protein calories 180 192 200 208 220 228 236 244 256 264 272 280 292 300 308 320 328 336 344 356 364 372 380 392 400 408 420 428 436 440 444 448 452 456 460 464 468 472 476 480 484 488 492 496 500 504 508 512 516 520 Net Carb grams 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Net Carb calories 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Fats for 3000 Calories/Day Fat g 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 292 292 291 290 288 288 287 286 284 284 283 281 280 280 279 279 278 278 277 277 276 276 276 275 275 274 274 273 273 272 272 272 271 271 270 Fat Cal 2772 2760 2752 2744 2732 2724 2716 2708 2696 2688 2680 2672 2660 2652 2644 2632 2624 2616 2608 2596 2588 2580 2572 2560 2552 2544 2532 2524 2516 2512 2508 2504 2500 2496 2492 2488 2484 2480 2476 2472 2468 2464 2460 2456 2452 2448 2444 2440 2436 2432 Fats for 3100 Calories/Day Fat g 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 292 292 291 290 290 289 289 288 288 288 287 287 286 286 285 285 284 284 284 283 283 282 282 281 Fat Cal 2872 2860 2852 2844 2832 2824 2816 2808 2796 2788 2780 2772 2760 2752 2744 2732 2724 2716 2708 2696 2688 2680 2672 2660 2652 2644 2632 2624 2616 2612 2608 2604 2600 2596 2592 2588 2584 2580 2576 2572 2568 2564 2560 2556 2552 2548 2544 2540 2536 2532 Then divide the total protein and fat grams allowed each day by the Macronutrient Exchange Values shown below arteria gastroduodenalis order ramipril 5 mg on line. Section 1: Use Appendix C and D to Find your Ideal Weight and Calorie Targets Height: Ideal Weight Range: (Appendix C): Ideal Weight Target: Daily Calories to Reach Ideal Weight Target: (Appendix D) Daily Calorie Target: Macronutrient Exchange Values For the Food Exchange Lists in Appendix G heart attack ft thea austin eye of the tiger ramipril 2.5 mg on line, these are the basic gram/calorie breakdowns. Divide your macronutrient allowances by these numbers to get your exchanges: Each protein exchange has about 7 grams of protein. Section 2: Total Daily Macronutrient Amounts Based on Ideal Weight Using Appendix E, Find Your Macronutrient Levels Based on your Ideal Weight and Daily Calorie Target Protein Amount Per Day Ideal Weight Protein grams (divide by 7) Net Carbs Per Day Net Carb grams (count totals) Fat Amount Per Day Fat grams (divide by 12) Number of daily exchanges: Now that you know how much of each macronutrient to have at each meal, you can go to the Food Exchange Lists in Appendix G and choose the foods you would like to match the exchanges allowed. There are many online resources available which contain thousands of food listings. The Atkins website also has some tools for tracking progress on a ketogenic diet plan. There are also many food count books on the market: the Calorie King book gets good reviews on Amazon and it comes in both a paperback and digital edition. I suggest that you print these lists and keep them with your Exchange Record and Food Diary found in Appendix H. You can also count calories if you prefer, but be aware protein foods usually contain fat as well, so the calorie counts versus grams may be off. If you decide to go the "exchange" route, the general rules for calculating exchanges from any foods that you add to these lists are as follows: Fats and oils: about 10-14 grams of fat in a serving, less than 1 carb or 1 gram of protein. Combination foods: If the food contains more than 4 grams of protein or 6 grams of fat in combination with carbs, count the protein as a 0. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Nuts, Brazil Nut, roasted, 1 oz. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Coconut Butter, 2 tbsp. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Almond Meal (Flour), 1 oz. Carbohydrates: Count the total net carbs of the food item Combination foods: If food contains more than 4 grams of protein or 6 grams of fat in combination with carbs, count the protein as a 0. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Bacon, cooked, 2 slices Beef, ground, 80% lean, cooked, 1 oz. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Beef, ground, 92% lean, cooked, 1 oz. Calories Fat (g) Carbs (g) Fiber (g) Net carbs Protein (g) Asparagus, cooked, 1 cup Beans, cooked (black, kidney, chick peas, lentils) 0.

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As of October 1 pulse pressure for dengue discount ramipril 2.5 mg amex, 2010 pulse pressure queen cheap ramipril 5 mg buy on line, the Affordable Care Act required all Medicaid programs to cover comprehensive smoking cessation services normal blood pressure chart uk generic ramipril 5 mg online, including both counseling and pharmacotherapy arrhythmia ketosis buy discount ramipril 2.5 mg on line, without cost-sharing for pregnant women (Section 4107). Smoking data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013. Information on the Affordable Care Act smoking cessation coverage from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010. March of Dimes 47 Alcohol and Other Drug Use Use of alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy is related to higher rates of a wide range of adverse birth outcomes, including prematurity, low birthweight, and birth defects. Sources: Information on pregnant women from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013. Binge alcohol consumption from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data, prepared by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, 2014. Babies born to mothers who are obese are more likely to have health problems, including increased risk of neural tube defects, higher rates of birth injuries, low Apgar scores, more admissions to neonatal intensive care units, and higher rates of prenatal death. The proportion of women of childbearing age (age 18-44) who were obese increased from 20. Healthy lifestyle changes before, during and after pregnancy can help to avoid some of these complications associated with obesity. Sources: Maternal obesity and pregnancy from March of Dimes Medical Perspectives on Being Overweight During Pregnancy, 2015. Obesity rates from Centers from Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014. Source: Centers from Disease Control and Prevention, 2002-2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. March of Dimes 51 Home Visiting Programs Home visiting programs are designed to work with expectant parents to improve developmental, educational and health outcomes for young children and their families. Home visiting programs work with families to ensure they receive adequate prenatal care and to promote healthy behavior such as quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet. Evaluations of home visiting programs have shown improvements in birth outcomes, child development and maternal and child health, as well as decreased rates of child maltreatment and juvenile justice issues. A cost benefit analysis of the Nurse-Family Partnership program found that, on average, every dollar spent saved $2. The benefit to society is approximately $26,000 per family served on average, and $41,000 among high-risk families. In general, individuals without health insurance report poorer health status than those with health insurance. They are also less likely to have a usual source of medical care and more likely to delay or forgo needed health care services. In 2009, 23% of pregnant women reported being uninsured in the month before pregnancy; however, only one percent (1%) reported being uninsured at delivery. Health insurance status is the single most important factor in determining whether health care is accessible to children when they need it, according to another Institute of Medicine study. In 2013-2014, over one-quarter of uninsured children had no usual source of medical care (28. Information on usual source of care for children from 2013/2014 National Health Interview Survey of Children prepared by Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. Women without a Usual Source of Medical Care, by Type of Insurance Coverage, 2009-2011 Percent 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Private Public Uninsured 6. March of Dimes 55 Health Insurance Coverage for Women of Childbearing Age Health insurance is important for assuring access to care for women of childbearing age. These women accounted for 27% of all uninsured Americans; 65% had family incomes below 200% percent of the federal poverty level. Non-Hispanic Native American, nonHispanic black women and non-Hispanic Asian women also have higher rates of uninsurance compared to non-Hispanic white women (21. Lack of health insurance remains a problem for some pregnant women, although they are less likely to be uninsured than other women. Prior to implementation of the Affordable Care Act, individual health insurance plans frequently excluded maternity coverage entirely or only made it available subject to additional premiums or limitations. In 2011, only 62% of private (non-employer sponsored) coverage provided maternity coverage for enrollees. As of 2014, non-grandfathered private health plans must cover maternity and newborn care as an "essential health benefit"under the Affordable Care Act. Exclusion of maternity care from Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2011.

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