Cardura

David M. Luesley MA MD FRCOG

• Lawson Tait Professor of Gynaecological Oncology, School
• of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham
• and Clinical
• Director, Pan-Birmingham Gynaecological Cancer Centre, City
• Hospital, Birmingham

According to these advocates blood pressure negative feedback generic cardura 2 mg buy online, there needs to be an effort to create policies and procedures that protect civilians from possible biases blood pressure lisinopril cardura 1 mg generic. Black and Latino civilians were more than 50 percent more likely to experience some form of force 7th hypertension order cardura 1 mg online. Fryer found that black and Latino people are about 53 percent more likely to experience any police use of force compared to white people blood pressure chart uk nhs 2 mg cardura purchase fast delivery. Fryer argues that these disparities are significant, because the use of lethal force is much rarer in police-civilian interactions than non-lethal force. Fryer also points out that since lesser forms of force are rarely tracked or punished, these officers are not being held accountable and these behaviors are likely to continue. He concludes that "black civilians always have a higher likelihood of force being used on them compared to white civilians. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Bridging the Trust Gap Between Law Enforcement and Communities of Color, 2014. Since most officers (correctly) did not view these non-criminal black suspects as more dangerous than the criminal white suspects, lethal force was unlikely to be used in those cases. As a result, this lowered the overall average of police shooting black suspects in the experiment. He points out that there is the possibility that racial differences in police non-lethal force have spillovers on myriad dimensions of racial inequality. If, for instance, blacks use their lived experience with police as evidence that the world is discriminatory, then it is easy to understand why black youth invest less in human capital or black adults are more Ibid. Justin Feldman, "Roland Fryer is wrong: There is racial bias in police shootings, " July 12, 2016, scholar. If, however, police were to pull over black drivers at a rate that disproportionately exceeded their likelihood of drug possession that would be an irrational behavior representing individual or institutional bias. This method is often utilized to study traffic stops and stop-and-frisk incidents since these practices are based on police wanting to "maximize the number of arrests for the possession of contraband (such as drugs or weapons) while expending the fewest resources. If they are acting in the most cost-efficient, rational manner, the officers may use racial stereotypes to increase the arrest rate per stop. Among those arrested, 46 of every 1, 000 black suspects reported experiencing excessive use of force compared to 36 of every 1, 000 white suspects. Michele Jawando, Vice President, and Chelsea Parsons, Vice President of Gun Violence Prevention from the Center for American Progress suggest augmenting training with implicit bias modules-particularly for any law enforcement officers involved in federal task forces. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee sponosored another version of the bill in the 20172018 session. Jawando and Chelsea Parsons, "4 Ideas That Could Begin to Reform the Criminal Justice System and Improve Police-Community Relations, " Center for American Progress, Dec. They felt that I had hung them out to dry, and that people were pointing at them and calling them racist. Hadley stated that he wanted to learn "how our minds work and what we all can to do to understand and manage our human biases. The National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement recognizes de-escalation training as a current best practice in use of force management. They have called for police use of force management systems to include a heavy emphasis on deescalation training and policies that increase officer safety, mitigate the overall need 21st-Century Racial Profiling: Riding and Driving While Black, " Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, vol. Even in the states that do require de-escalation training, the statewide required hours can range from no minimum requirement to three hours every three years up to four hours every year, with some localities requiring more hours. As a consequence, like others, police officers may act in ways that could cause them or others harm. De-escalation trainers suggest that rather than running into a situation and making split-second decisions, officers should approach a suspect calmly, try to build rapport, and have a strategy already planned out with their partner. Curtis Gilbert, "Not Trained to Not Kill, " American Public Media Reports, May 5, 2017. Lanier questions the usefulness of the 21-foot rule being taught as a strategy to de-escalate a situation that could lead to a fatal encounter. And when investigated they say: "[w]ell, we were justified in shooting; the person was within 21 feet and had an edged weapon. Mapping Police Violence found that in 69 percent of cases where an individual was armed with a knife, police did not attempt to disarm them or de-escalate the situation before using deadly force. Law enforcement officials suggest that the analysis after a fatal shooting should not focus solely on the moment when deadly force was used. And you ask: Where was the first decision that went wrong that led to having to use force later?

For a random sample of 29 families blood pressure monitoring chart template order 4 mg cardura otc, the annual incomes (in hundreds of dollars) are as follows: 90 77 100 83 64 78 92 73 122 96 60 85 86 108 70 139 56 94 84 111 93 120 70 92 100 124 59 112 79 a blood pressure kits stethoscope buy generic cardura 2 mg. Software summarizes the results of the responses by derived in part a blood pressure 34 year old male 1 mg cardura buy with visa, without doing any calculation blood pressure bottom number discount cardura 1 mg amex, explain whether the margin of error for a 95% confidence interval would be less than $100, equal to $100, or more than $100. Would the probability that the sample mean falls within $100 of the population mean be less than 0. Find an appropriate 95% confidence interval for the probability that the player makes any given extra point attempt. Describe a scenario such that it would not be sensible to treat these 10 kicks as a random sample. Based on the reported sample size and standard deviation, verify the reported value for the standard error. Based on these results, explain why the distribution was probably skewed to the right. Explain why the skew need not cause a problem with constructing a confidence interval for the population mean, unless there are extreme outliers such as a reported value of 1000. A medical researcher plans to sample men in her community randomly to see if similar results occur. A public health unit in Wellington, New Zealand, plans a similar survey for young people of that age in New Zealand. Find the necessary sample size if they expect results similar to those in the United States. Suppose that in determining the sample size, they use n the safe approach that sets p = 0. Explain why it is better to make an educated guess about what to expect n for p, when possible. In the largest Muslim nation, Indonesia, a poll conducted in May 2003 after the Iraq war began reported that 83% had an unfavorable view of America, compared to 36% a year earlier. Mean property tax A tax assessor wants to estimate the mean property tax bill for all homeowners in Madison, Wisconsin. A survey 10 years ago got a sample mean and standard deviation of $1400 and $1000. How many tax records should the tax assessor randomly sample for a 95% confidence interval for the mean to have a margin of error equal to $100? He quoted recent Gallup and Harris polls of random samples of about 1000 Americans estimating that 83% believe using the Virgin Birth of Jesus but only 28% believe in evolution. Write a one-page report using this context to show how you could explain about random sampling, the margin of error, and how a margin of error depends on the sample size. Analyze these data, preparing a short report in which you mention the methods used and the assumptions on which they are based, and summarize and interpret your findings. Summarize results in a short report, including assumptions you made to perform the inferential analyses. It is better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and the family: (627, 1208). Prepare a one-page report stating assumptions, showing results of description and inference, and summarizing conclusions. Explain why this statement is correct, illustrating using the reported 95% confidence interval of (4. Show that the smallest value of n for which the method can be used is (a) 30 when n n n p = 0. Suppose the observation of 5 for the ninth subject was incorrectly recorded as 50. How does this warn you about potential effects of outliers when you construct a confidence interval for a mean? Using the sample size formula n n n = [p(1 - p)z 2]/m 2 for a proportion, explain the effect on n of (a) increasing the confidence level and (b) decreasing the margin of error. Ninety-five percent of the values of X = number of close friends (for this sample) are between 6. If random samples of size 1467 were repeatedly selected, then 95% of the time x would be between 6.

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In the alternative blood pressure limits buy cardura 1 mg on line, the specialist may communicate with the applicant and explain that the deposit copy does not support a claim to copyright in a choreographic work blood pressure chart range generic cardura 1 mg without a prescription. The specialist may invite the applicant to submit dance notation blood pressure chart related to age 1 mg cardura buy fast delivery, a motion picture blood pressure 44 discount cardura 4 mg on-line, or an additional textual description of the work. If the applicant fails to provide additional deposit material, the specialist may refuse to register the dance as a choreographic work. Copyright Office may register photographs, drawings, sculptures, or other works of visual art that illustrate a series of uncopyrightable movements. For example, a written description of a social dance may be registered as a literary work and a video recording of a simple routine may be registrable as a motion picture. The scope of protection for such works does not extend to the movements themselves, either individually or in combination with each other. Instead, the claim is limited to the expressive description, depiction, or illustration of the movements, to the extent that they constitute a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, a literary work, or an audiovisual work. For instance, making an unauthorized reproduction of a video recording that depicts an athletic competition may infringe the audiovisual expression in that recording. Likewise, making an unauthorized reproduction of a textbook that describes the steps for performing a social dance or simple routine may infringe the textual expression in that book. However, publicly performing a social dance, a simple routine, or an athletic competition that is depicted in a video recording or a book would not be an infringement. The applicant should provide the name of the choreographer who created the choreographic authorship that appears in the work and the applicant should provide the name of the claimant who owns the copyright in that material. The Performing Arts Division may accept a claim in "choreography" or "dance, " provided that the work is a choreographic work under Section 102(a)(4) of the Copyright Act and provided that it contains a sufficient amount of choreographic expression. When completing an online application, this information should be provided in the box marked "Other" that appears in the Author Created field, and if applicable, also in the New Material Included field. For a discussion of the deposit requirements for choreographic works, see Chapter 1500, Section 1509. The Copyright Act recognizes pantomime as a distinct category of copyrightable authorship. Long before Congress extended federal copyright protection to pantomimes, the Supreme Court recognized that a silent performance is worthy of copyright protection if it qualifies as a dramatic work. As Justice Holmes observed: "[D]rama may be achieved by action as well as by speech. Action can tell a story, display all the most vivid relations between men, and depict every kind of human emotion, without the aid of a word. It would be impossible to deny the title of drama to pantomime as played by masters of the art. The physical movements in a pantomime tend to be more restricted than the movements in a choreographic work, while pantomime uses more facial expressions and gestures of the hands and arms than choreography. Unlike a choreographic work, a pantomime usually imitates or caricatures a person, situation, or event. While choreography is typically performed with a musical accompaniment, pantomime is commonly performed without music or measured rhythm. Pantomimes often tell a story, develop characters or themes, and convey dramatic concepts or ideas through a sequence of gestures and bodily movements. They may be performed either with or without makeup, masks, costumes, scenery, or props. Pantomime was not mentioned in the 1909 Act, and as a result, this type of work could only be registered if it qualified as a "dramatic work. Copyright Office may register a claim to copyright in a pantomime, provided that the specific movements, gestures, and facial expressions constituting the work have been fixed in a tangible medium of expression. In addition, the specific movements and physical actions that constitute the pantomime should be fixed in a form that allows the work to be performed in a consistent and uniform manner. Any copy or phonorecord that satisfies this requirement will suffice, such as a written description of the work or an actual performance of the work captured in a motion picture. Copyright Office may register a pantomime, even if the author left some room for improvisation or if some improvisation is intended in the performance of the work.

Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution the mean of a probability distribution for a discrete random variable is = x P(x) blood pressure eye pain buy 1 mg cardura fast delivery, where the sum is taken over all possible values of x blood pressure medication that causes hair loss buy 2 mg cardura otc. If a particular x value is more likely to occur blood pressure jumps up and down order cardura 1 mg visa, it has a larger influence on the mean heart attack single cheap cardura 4 mg amex, which is the balance point of the distribution. The mean = xP(x) is called a weighted average: Values of x that are more likely receive greater weight P(x). It does not make sense to take a simple average of the possible values of x, (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4)/5 = 2, because some outcomes are much more likely than others. Suppose there are n such possible outcomes, each with probability 1/n, such as n = 6 outcomes for rolling a die, each with probability 1/6. So the formula = xP(x) generalizes the ordinary formula to allow different outcomes to not be equally likely and to apply to probability distributions as well as to sample data. The mean of the probability distribution of a random variable X is also called the expected value of X. In the preceding example, the expected value of the number of San Francisco Giants home runs in a game is = 1. We will not see exactly one home run in each game, but the long-run average of observing some games with 0 home runs, some with 1, some with 2, and so forth, is 1. Example 4 Expected gains/losses Responding to Risk Picture the Scenario Are you a risk-averse person who prefers the sure thing to a risky action that could give you a better or a worse outcome? Or are you a risk taker, willing to gamble in hopes of achieving the better outcome? The expected gain is $500 with the sure strategy (i), since that strategy has gain $500 with probability 1. With the risk-taking strategy (ii), the probability distribution is shown in the margin. Yet most people prefer the sure-gain strategy (i) in case a but the risk-taking strategy (ii) in case b. This preference was explored in research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, for which Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in 2002. For instance, suppose two different investment strategies have the same expected payout. The standard deviation of a probability distribution, denoted by, measures the variability from the mean. Roughly, describes how far the random variable falls, on the average, from the mean of its distribution. You are given $1000 to invest and must choose between (i) a sure gain of $500, and (ii) a 0. Which of the two probability distributions would have the larger standard deviation? The standard deviation of this probability distribution is 0, the smallest possible value. With the risk-taking strategy, no matter what the outcome (either $0 or $1000) the result will be $500 from the mean of $500. In fact, the standard deviation of the probability distribution for the risk-taking strategy is $500. Insight In practice, different investment strategies are often compared by their variability. Not only is an investor interested in the expected return of an investment but also the consistency of the yield in the investment from year to year. Probability Distributions of Categorical Variables In examples so far, variables have been quantitative rather than categorical. Partly this is because a random variable is defined to be a numerical measurement of the outcome of a random phenomenon. If you denote the possible outcomes (success, failure) for whether or not a customer buys the product by (1, 0), then the probability distribution of X for the outcome is x 0 1 x 0 1 P(x) 1. For random variables that have possible values 0 and 1, the mean is the probability of the outcome designated by 1. Probability Distributions of Continuous Random Variables A random variable is called continuous when its possible values form an interval. Commuting time can be measured with real number values, such as between 0 and 150 minutes.

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