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Linda Cardozo MD FRCOG

• Professor of Urogynaecology, King? College Hospital, London

Ontology data processing - Initial step of an ontology matching process is the extraction of information about entities within compared ontologies antibiotic quiz questions order 750 mg cipro visa. After the extraction of data antibiotic resistance usda cipro 500 mg with amex, the matching process starts to determine correspondences between entities of compared ontologies virus usb device not recognized 1000 mg cipro buy free shipping. String basic matchers ­ determine correspondences between entities considering the character arrays (strings) that describe compared entities infection 1 mind games 750 mg cipro fast delivery. Profile matcher - determines the correspondence between entities by comparing the textual profiles of two entities. Workflow and the main components of CroMatcher the textual profile is a large text that describes an entity. When a target ontology contains more than 1000 entities, a modified Profile matcher is activated. This matcher determines correspondences using the fast string metric described in [12]. Additional instances contain not only the instances of compared entities but also the instances of entities that are related to the compared entities. Constraint matcher ­ determines the correspondence between entities by comparing various features of compared entities (number of object and data properties, cardinality constraints. The WordNet matcher can find similarities between two tokens of compared strings considering the relations (synonyms, hypernyms etc. The deficiency of the previous systems was its inability to recognize these language relations. It determines the correspondence between entities by using the mediator ontology Uberon (Uber Anatomy Ontology) [14]. Hence, Uberon contains a lot of information about the anatomy, therefore it is very helpful when matching ontologies of the Anatomy track. Structural basic matchers ­ determine correspondences between entities by comparing their relations with other entities. When ontologies contain more than 1000 entities, all structural matchers are executed just once. Modified matchers decreases the quality of matching process but speed up the process. SuperEntity matcher ­ determines the correspondence between entities by comparing the mutual correspondences between their parent entities. SubEntity matcher ­ determines the correspondence between entities by comparing the mutual correspondences between their children entities. Domain matcher ­ this matcher has two modes, one for calculating similarity between class entities and the other one for property entities. First version determines correspondences between classes by comparing all the properties that have the compared classes as their domains. Second version determines correspondences between properties by comparing the classes defined as the domain of the considered properties. The procedure of executing these structural matchers is described in [6] in detail. Weighted aggregation using Autoweight++ method ­ As stated before, CroMatcher system executes the weighted aggregation three times during the matching process. In this system, we have introduced the Weighted aggregation that uses a new method for automatically determining the weighting factors of basic matchers. This new method determines the weighting factors of basic matchers according to the importance of the highest correspondences found within the matching results of each basic matcher. The importance of each highest correspondence found within the matching results of a particular basic matcher is calculated comparing the complete results of this basic matcher, without taking into consideration the matching results of other basic matchers, which is the case in Autoweight++ method [6] that is used in our previous version of the system (CroMatcher 2015). Final alignment ­ the final alignment method iteratively selects relevant correspondences between entities of compared ontologies. Our system achieved the best results in the Benchmark ontology track together with the Lily system.

An archwire of this design is used in the first stage of Begg treatment but also can be used in edgewise systems antibiotics and breastfeeding order 500 mg cipro otc. The segmented arch approach developed by Burstone antibiotic resistance veterinary medicine buy generic cipro 750 mg on-line, which overcomes these limitations virus zero portable air sterilizer reviews cheap cipro 750 mg overnight delivery, is recommended for maximum control of the anterior and posterior segments of the dental arch antimicrobial countertops order 1000 mg cipro with amex. Data now exist to document equivalent long-term stability with leveling by continuous archwires versus sectional wires in the segmented arch technique. For intrusion of anterior teeth, it depends on establishing stabilized posterior segments and controlling the point of force application against an anterior segment. This technique requires auxiliary rectangular tubes on first molars, in addition to the regular bracket or tube. After preliminary alignment, a full dimension rectangular archwire is placed in the bracket slots of teeth in the buccal segment, which typically consists of the second premolar, first molar, and second molar. In addition, a heavy lingual arch (36 mil round or 32 Ч 32 rectangular steel wire) is used to connect the right and left posterior segments, further stabilizing them against undesired movement. A resilient anterior segmental wire is used to align the incisors, while the posterior segments are being stabilized. For intrusion, an auxiliary arch placed in the auxiliary tube on the first molar is used to apply intrusive force against the anterior segment (see Figure 14-26). This auxiliary arch is adjusted so that it lies gingival to the incisor teeth when passive and applies a light force (approximately 10 gm per tooth, depending on root size) when it is brought up beneath the brackets of the incisors. It is tied underneath or in front of the incisor brackets but not into the bracket slots, which are occupied by the anterior segment wire. An auxiliary intrusion arch can be placed while a light resilient anterior segment is being used to align malposed incisors, but usually it is better to wait to add it until incisor alignment has been achieved and a heavier anterior segment wire has been installed. Two strategies can be used with segmented arches to prevent forward movement of the incisors as they are intruded. The first is the same as with bypass arches: a space-closing force can be created by tying the auxiliary arch back against the posterior segments. Even with stabilized posterior segments, this produces some strain on posterior anchorage. The second and usually preferable strategy is to vary the point of force application against the incisor segment. If the anterior segment is considered a single unit (which is reasonable when a stiff archwire connects the teeth within the segment), the center of resistance is located as shown in Figure 14-26. Tying the depressing arch distal to the midline, between the central and lateral incisors or distal to the laterals, also brings the point of force application more posteriorly so that the force is applied more nearly through the center of resistance. This prevents anterior tipping of the incisor segment without causing anchorage strain, but the auxiliary wire must be tied quite loosely at both points to avoid the risk of inadvertently creating a two-couple system. Even with the control of posterior anchorage obtained by placing rectangular stabilizing segments and an anchorage lingual arch, the reaction to intrusion of incisors is extrusion and distal tipping of the posterior segments. With careful attention to appropriate technique with the segmented arch approach, it is possible to produce approximately four times as much incisor intrusion as molar extrusion in nongrowing adults. Although successful intrusion can be obtained with round bypass arches, the ratio of anterior intrusion to posterior extrusion is much less favorable. It is quite feasible to intrude asymmetrically, which requires only adjusting the teeth that are placed in stabilizing and intrusion segments and tying the auxiliary intrusion arch in the area where intrusion is required (Figure 14-28). If intrusion is desired only on one side, either a cantilevered auxiliary wire extending from one molar or a molar-to-molar auxiliary arch can be used. Skeletal Anchors Skeletal anchorage, using bone anchors or bone screws (discussed in detail in Chapters 10 and 18), offers the possibility of intrusion of posterior as well as anterior teeth and eliminates the problem of controlling unwanted movement of anchor teeth (Figures 14-29 and 14-30). B, An auxiliary intrusion arch delivering about 30 gm was tied to the elongated canine, while preliminary alignment with an A-NiTi wire was employed. The result was leveling of the maxillary arch with a component of intrusion on the elongated side. Asymmetric intrusion can be accomplished either by asymmetric activation of an intrusion arch that spans from one first molar to the other or by use of a cantilever intrusion arch on one side only. This question would be decided on the basis of two things: the effectiveness of the anchorage provided by the skeletal units and the reaction of the patients to both the surgery to place the anchors and the experience of living with them during orthodontic treatment. At this point, it is clear that temporary skeletal anchor units can be quite effective.

Since our patient has not yet reached the adolescent growth spurt antibiotic journal articles 1000 mg cipro for sale, growth modification would be the primary possibility should you always take antibiotics for sinus infection 250 mg cipro fast delivery, with camouflage and surgery as possibilities if growth modification did not succeed virus 68 in michigan order 250 mg cipro visa. For this patient bacteria worksheets buy cipro 1000 mg low cost, differential forward growth of the mandible while maintaining vertical control of the maxillary posterior teeth and bringing the maxillary incisors downward and facially would increase the display of the maxillary incisors and the prominence of the chin (Figure 7-36). The two most effective ways to do that would be high-pull headgear or a fixed functional appliance like the Herbst appliance. The functional appliance would be more likely to move the lower incisors forward, which is undesirable for this patient, so headgear would be preferred if she would agree to wear it. There also are three ways to correct the anterior overbite (Figure 7-37): (1) absolute intrusion of the upper and lower incisors, moving their root apices closer to the nose and lower border of the mandible respectively; (2) relative intrusion of the incisors, keeping them where they are while the mandible grows and the posterior teeth erupt; and (3) extrusion of the posterior teeth, which would rotate the mandible downward and backward. Relative intrusion of incisors and extrusion of posterior teeth are identical in terms of the tooth movement. The difference is whether vertical growth of the ramus compensates for the increase in molar height. B, Prediction of treatment with forward growth of the mandible while the maxilla is held in place and the upper incisors tipped facially and elongated. An adolescent is more likely to cooperate with treatment if he or she understands exactly what is desired and what the benefit would be, and images of changes in your own face are easier to understand than word descriptions, pictures of a different patient, or other generalized educational materials. In an immature 12-year-old like our patient, vertical growth can be expected, so relative intrusion would be the preferred approach. Controlling the vertical position of the maxillary posterior teeth so that the vertical space between the jaws created by growth could be used largely for elongation of the lower molars would facilitate leveling by relative intrusion. Often, the same problem list prioritized differently results in a different treatment plan. The objective at this stage of treatment planning is to be sure that no reasonable possibilities are overlooked. Four additional factors that are pertinent in evaluating treatment possibilities now must be considered (Figure 7-39). Note that the difference between (2) and (3) is whether the mandible rotates downward and backward, which is determined by whether the mandibular ramus grows longer while the tooth movement is occurring. This superimposition (red = initial, black = progress) shows excessive vertical growth of the maxilla and excessive eruption of the maxillary posterior teeth. As in the case of the girl in the previous section, it will be clear for nearly every patient that some possible solutions to a high-priority problem would also solve other problems, while others would not and might even make other things worse. Consider the opposite situation to our example patient, a patient with an anterior open bite. Often, this problem is due not to decreased eruption of incisors but to excessive eruption of posterior teeth and downward-backward rotation of the mandible (see Figure 6-12, A). Treatment should be aimed at depressing the elongated posterior teeth, or preventing them from erupting further while everything else grows (relative intrusion). This would allow the mandible to rotate upward, bringing the incisor teeth together. Another important interaction, which also came into play in our illustrative case (Box 7-5), is the relationship between incisor prominence and facial appearance, especially on smile. If the teeth are crowded, is expansion of the arches indicated to gain the space needed to align them? The answer depends on the relationship of the teeth to their soft tissue environment. In developing the treatment plan, it is necessary to plan the final position of the incisors and then determine what is needed in order to put them in the desired position. Other Considerations in Planning Treatment Patient is immature; growth modification will be more efficient if timed with growth spurt. Compromise In patients with many problems, it may not be possible to solve them all. Then, careful setting of priorities from the problem list is particularly important.

More surprisingly antibiotic 9 letters purchase cipro 1000 mg, a mapping can be both useful and misleading at the same time antibiotics for acne keloidalis 1000 mg cipro buy with amex, if the relation in the pragmatic alignment is 7 bacteria generic cipro 500 mg without prescription. Pragmatic precision and recall are defined as follows: recall = usef ul pragmatic usef ul relevant precision = As argued in [11] virus vs bacteria buy cipro 500 mg, we may want to take into account not only how many, but also which of the mappings are found by the alignment. Finding a correct mapping for a very common word should have more impact in the precision than finding a mapping for a rarely used one. This can be taken into account in the pragmatic precision and recall measures we just defined, by simply considering useful and relevant as multi-sets: ­ useful: for each state q Q, all mappings in Ap that are useful in q ­ relevant: for each state q Q, all mappings in Ap that are relevant in q 31 Precision is defined in the same way, and recall as: recall = usef ul Ap It is worth noting that, with these definitions, possible values for pragmatic precision and recall are determined by the structure of interaction models. For example, consider a linear interaction model in which each state has only one outgoing arrow. There are no possible misleading matches with this protocol; therefore the minimum level of precision for alignments is necessarily 1. Depending on the way of using the dictionary, Media Half Pint could also be considered correct, giving the second alignment a precision of 0. However, they are clearly not equally useful when used by agents interacting, because the second alignment has a misleading mapping Media Half Pint. Methods to learn pragmatic alignments and to transform traditional alignments into pragmatic ones can be obtained by adapting the techniques developed in [2] and [5] respectively. In this section we focus on the practical application of the evaluation of pragmatic alignments. We first analyse how pragmatic precision can be used to improve automatic matching techniques, and then sketch a method in which agents can estimate them from the experience of interaction. If the agent translates the messages it receives by always following the alignment, it would very frequently fail to communicate when the alignment has any misleading mapping. To avoid this situation, the following heuristic can be used to decide when to follow the alignment and when to explore. When receiving v2 in state q1 Q1, a1 needs to decide how to interpret it, or which outgoing arrow from q1 to follow. For each v1 U (q1), a1 computes the value of the mapping as: V(v1, v2) = n 0 if v1, v2, n, A otherwise ^ let V(v1, v2) be the normalized values for v1 U (q1), and consider an exploration parameter [0, 1]. The criterion consists in choosing v1 U (q) with probability: ^ p(v1) = V(v1, v2) + (1 -) 1 U (q) 33 A reasonable question is how to choose a good value of. If precision is high, agents should trust more on the alignment, if it is low they should rely more on the random exploration. To show this, we performed a short experiment, in which we analyse the rate of success of interactions between agents that use different values of and have alignments of different qualities. As a simplification, we used only alignments that had the same values of precision and recall; this should be extended in future work to consider more realistic values. As expected, when the alignment is good with respect to the interaction, best results are obtained with a high, while for bad alignments it is better to make random choices. For medium quality, there is almost no difference, since the probability of a mapping being correct is similar to the one of choosing randomly the right option. In what follows we discuss how agents can use the experience of interaction to automatically estimate the values of precision and recall of an alignment. This would be useful not only to improve their behaviour as explained before, but also to evaluate alignments in a dynamic, distributed way. In this case, agents can simply use the proportion of the mappings they made in successful interactions that were already in A. A first attempt could be to consider: precisionest = mappings in successful interactions A relevant mappings seen However, this considers as incorrect all the relevant mappings that were not part of successful interactions. This can sub-estimate the precision, particularly in the first steps, when an estimation is needed most. Alternatively, we propose to use a learning strategy that estimates gradually the precision of A by analysing which of the mappings that were made are likely to be correct and which ones are not. A possibility is to use a technique proposed in [5], where all mappings start with a confidence equal to the one in A (or 0 if it is not a mapping in A), and after an interaction they are updated as follows: ­ After a successful interaction, the confidence in all mappings that were made is set to 1. At the same time, mappings are updated according to the quality of the aligning possibilities found later; if mappings with large confidence appeared as options after making one match, that match will increase its value. To estimate precision, let increased be the set of all the mappings made that are in A and for which the calculated confidence is greater or equal to the one in A. Precision can then be estimated as: precisionest = increased A relevant mappings seen this can improve the precision estimation in early stages, since mappings that are likely to be correct (because many good mappings were found after them) would still increase their value.

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