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S&E Enterprise in a Global Context Summary and Conclusion Over the past quarter century prostate oncology 2020 purchase rogaine 5 60 ml free shipping, countries have increasingly come to view scientific and technical capabilities as engines of economic growth prostate cancer vaccine rogaine 5 60 ml cheap. Many countries have intensified efforts to build their S&T capabilities in a wide variety of areas and have become part of prostate-7 review rogaine 5 60 ml purchase visa, and benefit from prostate ejaculaton cheap 60 ml rogaine 5 mastercard, the emerging global S&E landscape. Consequently, this landscape has undergone dramatic shifts: traditionally centered around the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, the S&E landscape is now increasingly multipolar. Generally, S&T growth has been faster in the developing than in the developed world, and the historically dominant developed nations have seen their relative share of global S&T activity shrink, even as their absolute activity levels kept rising. These developments have taken place in the context of an increasingly interconnected world. Capacity building and enhancements in R&D, human capital, global supply chains, and other global infrastructure, along with dramatic changes in communications technologies, have facilitated the interconnected nature and greater international collaboration and competition in S&E activities. Academic institutions in the developed world continue to be centers of excellence, conducting high-impact S&E research and providing graduate education in S&E to students from across the world. The United States continues to lead in the production of advanced degrees in S&E and high-impact S&E research as evidenced by shares of highly cited publications. Academic institutions in the developing world have increased their production of graduates with S&E degrees, with China leading the growth in the number of these graduates. R&D expenditures in Asia have also grown rapidly, particularly in China and South Korea. R&D concentration and intellectual property­related activities are increasingly multipolar; several relatively small economies appear to be specializing in S&E, as evidenced by high rates of R&D intensity in countries such as Israel (not shown), South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Commercial S&E activity has a large concentration in parts of South and East Asia. Although Japan has been declining in some measures of S&E activates related to knowledge creation (such as its share of S&E publications), the country still rates highly in terms of total publications and patents granted. South Korea and Taiwan have experienced rapid growth in patenting and in intellectual property exports. Exports of high-technology products are centered in Asia, where China accounts for one-quarter of all such exports, but smaller nations such as Vietnam are rapidly expanding. This production activity, however, often represents the final phase of the global supply chain, where components designed or produced in other countries are transformed into final products, although China is gradually moving up the production value chain as it ramps up its S&E capabilities. Intellectual property activities, in particular, are concentrated in developed economies, both large and small. These developments reflect S&E components of the global value chain, where different regions contribute to global activity based on relative strengths. National Science Board Science & Engineering Indicators 2018 O 41 Overview of the State of the U. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context the very nature of developments in S&T-unexpected insights, technological breakthroughs-along with general uncertainties in the broader national and global environment, preclude a simple projection of past trends into the future. In that sense, this Overview presents a snapshot of the world in a particular point in time. However, barring a major dislocation, careful analysis and interpretation of the related indicators presented here allow a realistic understanding of the likely overall direction of the global S&T landscape: dynamic, fast changing, integrated, interdependent, competitive, and tied together by a global infrastructure. National Science Board Science & Engineering Indicators 2018 O 42 Overview of the State of the U. Science and Engineering Indicators (Indicators) provides information on the state of the S&E enterprise in the United States and globally through high-quality quantitative data from domestic and international sources. The data are "indicators," that is, quantitative summary information on the scope, quality, and vitality of the science and engineering (S&E) enterprise or its change over time. This sidebar provides a brief and high-level summary of the data sources used in this report and data-quality issues that influence the interpretation and accuracy of the information presented in Indicators. First and foremost, a good indicator for use in the report explains something meaningful about the state of U. These indicators are used by a wide variety of people and organizations with differing views about which indicators are the most significant for their specific purposes. Additionally, because each indicator provides a partial measure of overall activity, multiple indicators facilitate a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand. A good indicator for the report is policy relevant, in that it contributes to an understanding of the current environment and to informing the development of future policies. Indicators data are used by policymakers at the federal-, state-, and local-government levels.

However prostate cancer levels 1-10 cheap 60 ml rogaine 5 otc, actual amounts may be understated prostate cancer treatment statistics 60 ml rogaine 5, particularly for public institutions prostate cancer fighting foods discount 60 ml rogaine 5 with mastercard, because they reflect only funds specifically targeted for R&D prostate cancer early symptoms generic rogaine 5 60 ml otc, while general-purpose funds may be designated by the recipient institutions for R&D or indirect cost recovery and may thus show up as institutional research support. About twothirds of nonprofit funding (66%) is directed toward R&D in life sciences, with health sciences being the largest recipient field within life sciences. Business funding is largely directed toward R&D in the life sciences (61%) and engineering (25%). Academic R&D Expenditures, by Field the life sciences have long accounted for the bulk of research spending: $41 billion in 2016, 57% of the total. In addition, just under 2% of academic R&D spending is allocated toward sciences that include multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary work that could not be classified within a broad field. This estimate is not comprehensive of all multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary R&D. When R&D spans more than one field, the survey asks respondents to estimate how much is in each field. Over the past decade, engineering grew faster than the other S&E fields, at an average annual rate of more than 3% after adjusting for inflation. Computer sciences, life sciences, social sciences, and psychology each grew by roughly 2%­3% annually. The mathematical, physical, and geosciences grew more slowly, at around 1% or less annually. All fields of S&E saw slower average annual growth in recent years (from 2006 to 2015) than earlier (from 1996 to 2005) (Table 5-6). Science and Engineering Indicators 2018 the largest field for academic R&D, life sciences, at $41 billion, accounted for 57% of total academic spending and a slightly smaller share (56%) of federally supported academic R&D in 2016 (Appendix Table 5-4). The remainder was spread between agricultural sciences (just under 5% of total academic R&D), natural resources and conservation, and other life sciences-life sciences R&D that could not be classified into one of the subfields. Academic R&D expenditures in health sciences almost doubled from 1995 to 2004 and then grew more slowly from 2005 to 2016. Engineering R&D-constituting 16% of total academic R&D spending and a slightly higher share (17%) of federal spending-has generally seen robust growth over the past decade. Chemical engineering ($885 million) grew by just under 30%, and metallurgical engineering ($772 million) increased by only 7% after adjusting for inflation (Appendix Table 5-5). The remaining six broad fields of S&E, as well as multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary science that has not otherwise been apportioned among fields, together accounted for about 21% of total spending in 2016. These sciences-consisting of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and materials science-constituted 7% of total spending and a slightly higher share (8%) of federal spending in 2016 (Appendix Table 5-4). In 1995, by contrast, spending in physical sciences constituted more than 10% of total academic R&D spending that year (and more than 12% of federal spending). In 2016, geosciences constituted about 4% of academic R&D and a slightly higher share (5%) of federal spending (Appendix Table 5-4). Among the geosciences, only atmospheric science grew from 2007 to 2016 after adjusting for inflation (23%). This spending constituted 3% of total spending and a lesser share (2%) of federal spending. Spending was fairly evenly distributed among economics, political science, and sociology, each receiving roughly 15%­20% of total social sciences funding, while the smaller field of anthropology received a smaller share (4%). The remainder (42%) was spent on archaeology, criminology, geography, linguistics, urban studies, and other disciplines (Appendix Table 5-4). With academic R&D spending levels of $2 billion or less each in 2016, computer sciences, psychology, and mathematical sciences are the smallest broad S&E fields. Universities spent $2 billion on R&D in computer sciences, just over $1 billion in psychology, and just under $700 million in mathematical sciences. This spending constituted just under 6% of total spending and a much smaller share (3%) of federal spending. The remaining non-S&E fields, including communications, law, and social work, each spent less than $210 million on R&D in 2016 (Appendix Table 5-4 and Appendix Table 5-5). Academic R&D, by Public and Private Institutions For their research support, private universities rely more than their public counterparts on the federal government (60% versus 51% of their total R&D) (Figure 5-4). Conversely, public institutions derive more of their R&D funds from state government sources than private ones (8% versus 1% of their total R&D). In 2016, public universities paid for about 27% of their R&D from their own institutional funds, while private universities paid for a smaller share (21%) (Table 5-7).

Describe the clinical features prostate keyhole surgery 60 ml rogaine 5 order fast delivery, evaluation androgen hormone inhibitors rogaine 5 60 ml buy, and management of congenital orbital deformities (eg prostate procedures for enlarged prostate rogaine 5 60 ml mastercard, anophthalmia mens health 15 minute meals buy rogaine 5 60 ml lowest price, microphthalmia, hypotelorism, hypertelorism versus telecanthus). Describe the genetics, clinical features, evaluation, and management of common craniosynostoses and other congenital malformations (eg, Crouzon syndrome, Apert syndrome). Describe the mechanisms and indications for treatment of more advanced orbital trauma (eg, zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, naso-orbital ethmoid fractures, Le Fort fractures). Identify, evaluate, and treat thyroid ophthalmopathy (eg, epidemiology, symptoms and signs, associated systemic diseases, orbital imaging, differential diagnosis, surgical, medical, and radiation indications, side effects of treatment). Identify, evaluate, and treat nonspecific orbital inflammation (eg, symptoms and signs, orbital imaging, differential diagnosis, biopsy indications, choice of treatments). Describe indications for and perform more advanced examination techniques for less common eyelid abnormalities (eg, decreased blink, orbicularis weakness, contour abnormalities, marginal entropion). Describe indications for and complications of, and perform more complicated minor lid procedures (eg, larger benign skin lesions, recurrent chalazia). Describe indications for and complications of, and perform more complicated eyelid surgery (eg, upper blepharoplasty, lower lid tightening). Describe indications for and complications of, and perform more advanced eyelid reconstruction (eg, wedge/pentagonal block resection). Identify indications for and complications of, and treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Identify indications for and perform more advanced lacrimal assessment (eg, interpretation of dye testing, canalicular probing in trauma). Describe indications for and complications of, and perform basic lacrimal procedures (eg, lacrimal drainage testing [irrigation, Jones Dye Tests 1 and 2], lacrimal probing, lacrimal intubation, incision and drainage of lacrimal sac abscess). Identify indications for and interpret lacrimal imaging (eg, scintigraphy, cystography). Describe indications for and perform more advanced assessment of the orbit (eg, hypoglobus, facial asymmetry, enophthalmos, proptosis). Describe indications for and complications of, and perform enucleation and evisceration. Identify indications for and perform more advanced socket assessment (eg, extrusion of implants, anophthalmic socket complications). Identify common orbital pathology (eg, orbital fractures, orbital tumors) on imaging studies (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound). Perform preoperative and postoperative assessment and coordination of care of patients with more advanced or complex oculoplastic-related disorders (eg, systemically ill patients, multidisciplinary procedures). Describe the etiology, evaluation, and medical and surgical treatment of the following eyelid diseases: a. Complex ectropion (eg, congenital, paralytic, involutional, cicatricial, mechanical, allergic) b. Benign, pre-malignant, or malignant eyelid tumors (eg, papilloma, seborrheic keratosis, epidermal inclusion cyst, molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, keratoacanthoma, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma, melanoma) g. Single or recurrent inflammatory lesions (eg, recurrent chalazion or its mimics) h. Facial nerve palsy with exposure keratopathy (eg, tarsorrhaphy, gold weight, lower lid tightening/elevation) Lacrimal 1. Describe the etiology, evaluation, and medical and surgical treatment of the following lacrimal diseases:** a. Describe the etiology, evaluation, and medical and surgical treatment of the following orbital diseases: ** a. Describe epidemiology, clinical features, evaluation, and management of fetal alcohol syndrome. Describe indications for and perform more complicated and advanced "in office" examination techniques for less common but important eyelid abnormalities. Describe indications for and perform more complicated and advanced "in office" examination techniques for less common but important lacrimal abnormalities. Perform more advanced lacrimal assessment (eg, intraoperative and postoperative testing, more complex trauma to lacrimal system).

The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project: intervention mens health challenge order 60 ml rogaine 5 with mastercard, evaluation prostate seed implant purchase 60 ml rogaine 5 with amex, and baseline results of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada mens health urbanathlon sydney 2013 order rogaine 5 60 ml online. Randomised controlled trial of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity prostate cancer xgeva rogaine 5 60 ml buy otc. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. Pathways: a school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. Pathways curriculum and family interventions to promote healthful eating and physical activity in American Indian schoolchildren. The impact of the Pathways intervention on psychosocial variables related to diet and physical activity in American Indian schoolchildren. Pathways process evaluation results: a school-based prevention trial to promote healthful diet and physical activity in American Indian third, fourth and fifth grade students. The effects of the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health upon psychosocial determinants of diet and physical activity behavior. Improvements in circulating cholesterol, antioxidants, and homocysteine after dietary intervention in an Australian Aboriginal community. Is the Australian National Heart Foundation programme effective in reducing cholesterol levels among general practice patients? Strategies for reducing coronary risk factors in Primary care: which is most cost-effective? Costs and cost effectiveness of health checks conducted by nurses in primary care: the Oxcheck study. Cancer prevention among working class, multiethnic adults: results of the healthy directions-health centers study. Implementation of a cancer prevention program for working class, multiethnic populations. Prev Med 2004; 38(6):766776 208 (143) Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Pasanen M. A randomized intervention of physical activity promotion and patient self-monitoring in primary health care. Impact of a community-based multiple risk factor intervention on cardiovascular risk in black families with a history of premature coronary disease. Increasing frequency of lower-fat entrees offered at school lunch: an environmental change strategy to increase healthful selections. Can motivational signs prompt increases in accidental physical activity in an Australian health-care facility? Comparison of health promotion and deterrent prompts in increasing use of stairs over escalators. Murray (2003), "Econometric Estimation of Country-Specific Hospital Costs", Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 1, 3. Evans (2006), "Determinants of Variation in the Cost of Inpatient Stays Versus Outpatient Visits in Hospitals: a Multi-Country Analysis", Social Science and Medicine, 63, pp. Grossman (2008), "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and its Influence on Childhood Obesity",Journal of Law and Economics, 51, pp. Bauman (2007), "Twelve-Month Effects of Canada on the Move: a Population-Wide Campaign to Promote Pedometer Use and Walking", Health Education Research, 22(3), pp. Australia, Canada, France, Germany and the Netherlands", Health Policy, 88(1), pp. Tan Torres (2003), "Generalized Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for National-Level Priority-Setting in the Health Sector", Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 1, 8. Evans (2006), "Enhancing the Comparability of Costing Methods: CrossCountry Variability in the Prices of Non-Traded Inputs to Health Programmes", Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 4, 8. Lobstein (2007), "The PorGrow Project: Overall Cross-National Results, Comparisons and Implications", Obesity Review, vol. Evans (2003), "Health Systems Performance Assessment: Goals, Framework and Overview", in C.

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